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Part of a series on the. History History of Myanmar. Languages Burmese language Mon language. Mythology and folklore Folklore.
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Without proper rendering support , you may see question marks, boxes, or other symbols instead of Burmese script. Used for military officers e.
Used for mature women or women in a senior position e. Daw Aung San Suu Kyi. Used by Shan men of Kengtung ancestry; e.
Used for men of similar age e. Used by Kayin Karen men e. Used by some young women, usually as a nickname e.
Used by Mon men; equivalent to U e. Used by Shan men e. Myanma is the literary, written name of the country and Bama is more colloquial.
One is more formal than the other. Burma is considered to describe ethnic Burmans only, so Myanmar became the politically correct term, which is supposed to encompass all who live in the country.
The name change was also a way to rid the country of British colonial influences. In the past year, the government has faced quite a few challenges as it embarks on social and economic reform in Myanmar.
Many industry sectors are still confused about what the next steps are. While tourism has increased, many people still remain unaware of Myanmar, or why it changed its name from Burma.
Like other countries that have altered identities because of changing political power—Russia and the Czech Republic, for example—Myanmar has a long way to go before it is as well-known as neighbouring Thailand, China and India.
The commission was influenced by Received Pronunciation and other non-rhotic English English dialects, in which "ar" without a following vowel is also pronounced as long "a" often given as "ah" in American English.
However, in variants of English in which final "r" is pronounced, such as standard American English, adding this final "r" leads to a pronunciation very different from the Burmese pronunciation.
In the Burmese language, there have been controversies about the name of the country since the s, and the decision of the regime in carried the controversy into the English language.
The regime believes that Myanma is more inclusive of minorities than Bama , while opponents point out that historically, Myanma is only a more literary version of Bama.
Quite the opposite of being more inclusive, opposition parties and human rights groups contend that the new English name "Myanmar" is actually disrespectful of the minorities of Burma.
Minorities, many of whom do not speak Burmese, had become accustomed to the English name "Burma" over the years, and they perceive the new name "Myanmar" as a purely Burmese name reflecting the policy of domination of the ethnic Burman majority over the minorities.
The regime changed the name of the country in English; it did not change the official name of the country in Burmese. Former opposition leader Aung San Suu Kyi at first opposed the new name "Myanmar", pointing out the hypocritical justification of inclusivity put forward by the regime.
Opposition parties, although they oppose the English name "Myanmar", do not oppose the official Burmese name Myanma , and no opposition party is proposing to use the colloquial name Bama as the official name of the country.
Culturally, when speaking, locals refer to the country as Burma, but in literature, it is named "Myanmar". Finally, a lot of criticism also focused on the lack of linguistic soundness of the reform.
Only four language scholars sat in the commission, while the majority of the commission was made up of military officials and civil servants with no particular knowledge of linguistics.
The new names adopted often lacked serious linguistic credibility, and some appear questionable the final "r" at the end of the name Myanmar makes sense only for a speaker of a non-rhotic dialect of English.
Since the decision to change the English name from "Burma" to "Myanmar", adoption of the new name in the English-speaking world has been mixed.
Use of "Burma", along with many other name changes within the Myanmar [11] has remained widespread, largely based on the question of whether the regime has the legitimacy to change the country's name, particularly without a referendum.
The United Nations , of which Myanmar is a member, endorsed the name change five days after its announcement. The United States government attributes its choice to support for the party deemed to have won the election, but been denied power by the junta.
That party opposes the new name. Following the — democratic reforms in Burma , politicians started using "Myanmar" more frequently.
Myanmar's delegate insisted that the American delegation should use the name "Myanmar", and appealed to the session's president to enforce that rule.
The latter commented that "we're here to discuss human rights in Myanmar, we're not here to discuss the name of the country", and asked the American delegation to use Myanmar's official, UN-recognised name.
The American delegate continued her comments on human rights violations in Myanmar, without using either name for the country.
Media usage is also mixed. Others have continued to use "Burma", [19] some of whom have switched to using "Myanmar" years after the name change, such as the Financial Times , [25] citing increasing international acceptance of the new name.
The BBC changed to using "Myanmar" in Another approach taken by some historians is to continue to use the name "Burma" for describing the history of the country prior to the military coup and "Myanmar" from there on.
This also contravenes the intentions of the government, whose naming reform in was to apply to the entire history of the country.
Those using this approach argue that it is the most politically neutral option. In June , the Australian government, led by Prime Minister Tony Abbott , continued a long-running discussion on the manner in which Australian officials would refer to the Southeast Asian nation.
While Burma was the formal title used by the Australian government, the Labor government revised the national name to the Union of Myanmar in A reason for the change has not appeared in the media, but, as of June , the Abbott government's policy advises officials to switch between Burma and Myanmar, in accordance with the circumstances at hand.
In April , soon after taking office, Aung San Suu Kyi clarified that foreigners are free to use either name, "because there is nothing in the constitution of our country that says that you must use any term in particular".
Thus we find both "Myanma Airways" correct spelling and "Myanmar Airways" incorrect spelling, but used officially and recognised anyway.
Some English speakers have even coined the adjective "Myanmarese" or "Myanmese", to follow English rather than Burmese grammatical rules.
These adjectives are not recommended as most natives of Myanmar preferred to be called either the old way of "Burmese", "Myanmar", or "Myanma" representing the many diverse races in the country.
According to the renaming, the name of the dominant ethnicity of Burma, whose people speak the Burmese language, is "Bamar" again, final "r" only added to denote a long "a" in Burmese.
Thus, Myanmar is a country inhabited by the Bamars plus many minorities; and the Bamars and minorities are collectively known as Myanma people.
While use of the name "Myanmar" is widespread and rivals the use of "Burma", adoption of adjectival forms has been far more limited; in general, terms in use before have persisted.
Citizens of Burma, regardless their ethnicity, are known as "Burmese", while the dominant ethnicity is called "Burman".
The language of the Burmans, however, is known as the Burmese language, not as the Burman language, although confusingly enough the "Burmese" language is considered one of the Tibeto-"Burman" languages.
Popular Japanese fictional works such as The Burmese Harp Biruma no tategoto mean that the name Biruma may have more of an emotional resonance to readers.
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. Constitutional Tribunal Chairman: Myo Nyunt. Assembly of the Union. Supreme Court. Chief Justice Htun Htun Oo.
Recent elections. General: Administrative divisions. Foreign relations. Related topics. Other countries.
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